Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: A comparison ofCO2emissions and ecological footprint

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dc.contributor.authorGokmenoglu, Korhan K.
dc.contributor.authorTaspinar, Nigar
dc.contributor.authorRahman, Mohammad Mafizur
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-06T18:33:35Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.departmentDoğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis study investigates the long run equilibrium relationship among military expenditure, financial development, energy use, economic growth and environmental degradation in Turkey for the period of 1960-2014. Ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emissions are used as separate proxies for environmental degradation. Fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimator results suggest that military expenditure, energy use and economic growth increase the environmental degradation while financial development improves the environmental quality in Turkey. Toda Yamamoto (1995) causality test results reveal that there is a unidirectional causality running from military expenditure to CO(2)emissions and ecological footprint; and a bidirectional causality between military expenditure and economic growth. The findings of the study confirm the existence of destruction theory for the case of Turkey.
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/ijfe.1831
dc.identifier.endpage997
dc.identifier.issn1076-9307
dc.identifier.issn1099-1158
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-7950-1961
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-2013-6867
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0003-3012-4920
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85088588830
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage986
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1831
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11129/11381
dc.identifier.volume26
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000552726300001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherWiley
dc.relation.ispartofInternational Journal of Finance & Economics
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260204
dc.subjectcausality test
dc.subjecteconomic growth
dc.subjectenergy use
dc.subjectenvironmental degradation
dc.subjectfinancial development
dc.subjectFMOLS
dc.subjectmilitary expenditure
dc.subjectturkey
dc.titleMilitary expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: A comparison ofCO2emissions and ecological footprint
dc.typeArticle

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