Evaluation of the Relationship Between Environmental Factors, Nutrition, and Metabolic Changes in Children Diagnosed With Autism in North Cyprus: A Case-Control Study

Abstract

Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social behaviors and nonverbal interactions. The disorder is believed to be multifactorial regarding etiopathology. This study aimed to investigate the possible risk factors associated with the development of autism in the prenatal and postnatal periods. Methods We conducted an unmatched case-control study composed of 56 autistic cases and 85 control children in North Cyprus. Cases recruited were previously diagnosed by a pediatric psychiatrist as being on the autistic spectrum. Parental questionnaires were distributed, and the collected data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). Binary logistic regression was used to compute the adjusted odds ratios (aOR), adjusted for possible confounders. Results Our results showed increased odds of developing ASD in mothers with mental disorders such as depression and anxiety (aOR 6.99; 95% CI 1.94 25.24), mothers with medical conditions such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (aOR 2.68; 95% CI 1.06 6.78), mothers using aluminum-containing anti-acids (aOR 2.34; 95% CI 1.012 5.39), mothers exposed to loud noises during pregnancy (aOR 2.66; 95% CI 1.005 7.034), mothers with >= two previous miscarriages (aOR 4.19; 95% CI 1.17-14.97), neonates with birth weight <2500 grams (aOR 4.19; 95% CI 1.16 14.84), male gender neonates (aOR 3.26; 95% CI 1.31 8.90), and neonates exposed to MRI or CT scan during the first year of life (aOR 6.94; 95% CI 1.15 42.07). Decreased odds of ASD development were observed in mothers using multivitamins during pregnancy (aOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.13 0.97), mothers consuming slight amounts of baking powder during pregnancy (aOR 0.235; 95% CI 0.09 0.60), mothers with threatened abortion (aOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.12 0.98), and neonates taking iron supplementation during the first six months of life (aOR 0.38; 95% 0.16 0.91). Conclusion There were various maternal and neonatal factors associated with ASD development in North Cyprus. Although there is some evidence to suggest that exposure to specific factors during prenatal or postnatal periods may increase the risk of ASD, there is insufficient evidence that implicates a specific factor for autism etiology. Future studies are recommended to be performed on larger scales to support further the factors associated with ASD development.