Simple Arithmetic Operations of Z-Numbers Based on Kernel Distribution Function

Abstract

Z-numbers are an important tool for representing uncertain and partially reliable information. Zadeh mentioned that one of the main problems is related to computational complexity that arises when a series of Z-numbers is considered. To address this problem, an approximate calculation for Z-numbers based on kernel density estimation is used. Numerical examples are provided for illustration purpose. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026.