Flow measurement using free over-fall in generalized trapezoidal channels based on one velocity point method

Abstract

A free over-fall offers the possibility of being used as a flow measuring device in hydraulic structures with a single depth measurement of the end section. Due to its practical importance, considerable attention has been paid to investigate free over-falls for different channel cross-sections using various approaches. This paper presents a new theoretical approach for computing the end depth ratio (EDR) relationship for the generalized trapezoidal channel cross-sections at free over-falls in sub critical flow regimes from which the end depth discharge (EDD) can be computed. The generalized trapezoidal channel is a geometric shape that is defined mathematically with a single equation where five widely known prismatic channel cross-sectional shapes can be generated (trapezoidal, inverted triangular (Delta), rectangular, parabolic, and triangular). This suggested theoretical approach uses one velocity point at the geometric center of the end section based on the energy and the continuity equations. Relevant experimental and theoretical results were utilized in order to examine the suggested method through the statistical measuring indices (percentage difference and the correlation coefficient (R-2)). The computed results show very close agreements with the earlier works. Furthermore, simple equations are also generated using the regression curve fitting technique in order to estimate the direct discharges (Q) using the end depth (y(e)) for each of the above mentioned channel cross-sections.