Volumetric Analysis of Maxillary Sinus and Nasal Conchae According to Skeletal Classes and Cranio-Maxillary Relation

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the volumetric characteristics of the inferior and middle nasal conchae and maxillary sinuses in individuals with different skeletal malocclusion classes and cranio-maxillary relationships using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A total of 150 adult patients were retrospectively analyzed. CBCT scans were used to obtain volumetric measurements of the right and left inferior nasal conchae (INC), middle nasal conchae (MNC), and maxillary sinuses (MS). Patients were categorized into skeletal Classes I, II, or III based on ANB angles, and into retrognathic, normal, or prognathic groups according to SNA angles. Gender- and age-related differences were also analyzed. Statistical comparisons were performed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: Class II individuals exhibited significantly lower conchal volumes compared to Class I and III groups, while MS volumes were highest in Class II, although statistical significance was reached only on the left side. Gender differences were evident, with males presenting greater volumes than females in both the right and left INC and MS; however, significant differences were observed only for the left INC and left MS. A significant age-related decrease in left INC volume was found between the 21-30 and 61+ age groups. No statistically significant correlation was detected between conchal and sinus volumes. Conclusions: Skeletal malocclusion patterns, gender, and age significantly influence concha and sinus volumes. These findings emphasize the utility of CBCT-based three-dimensional assessments in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and informing interdisciplinary treatment planning in orthodontics and craniofacial care.